Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay - Essay Example Evidence abounds that while some journalists lapped up such handouts and other Government-supplied material inadvertently, some others did it in good faith, while yet others did that in return for consideration. Understandably, therefore, the message they convey to the American citizens is that the Government is in full control of every situation. However, not many Americans seem to believe such rosy reports; they read between the lines, especially as doubts have been cast on the credibility of such media outlets as work as unofficial spokespersons of the Government. Public opinion in the United States has crystallized against torture in these two detention camps, despite the administration using the media for its own ends.For media outlets like Al Jazeera and Al Arabia, onthe other hand, any stick is good enough to beat theUnited States with, and, as such, they brainwashtheir essentially Arab audiences against the UnitedStates. Their message is that the days of USsupremacy are stric tly numbered. As such, there isa basic similarity between the mainstream mediain the United States and such media outlets in theArab world, in that for neither are facts sacred. Within the United States, while the liberaltraditions of the Democratic Party militate against detention camps and deprivation of the due process of law even to suspected terrorists, the conservative baggage of the Republicans is comfortable with them. Finally, the basic connection between Abu Ghraib and the Guantanamo Bay is that both are detention camps that have hit the headlines for human rights abuses. _____ "Federal authorities are investigating dozens ofAmerican television stations for broadcasting items produced by the Bush administration and major corporations, and passing them off as normal news. Some of the fake news segments talked of success in the war in Iraq." (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006) Investigators sought information about stations across the country after a report produced by a campaign group detailed the extraordinary extent of the use of such items. (Buncombe, Andrew, May 29, 2006) The report, by the non-profit Center for Media and Democracy, found that over a 10-month period at least 77 television stations were using the faux news broadcasts, known as Video News Releases (VNRs) (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006). "We know we only had partial access to these VNRs, and yet we found 77 stations using them," said Diana Farsetta, one of the researchers of the group. (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006) "I would say it's pretty extraordinary. The picture we found was much worse than we (had) expected going into the investigation in terms of just how widely these got played and how frequently these prepackaged segments were put on the air," she added. Public relations companies, commissioned to produce these segments by corporations had, according to her, become increasingly sophisticated in their techniques to get the VNRs broadcast. They were now very good at mimicking what a real, independently produced television report would look like. (Buncombe, Andrew; May 29, 2006). The range of VNRs is wide. Among items provided by the Bush administration to news stations was one in which an Iraqi-American in Kansas City was seen saying "Thank you, Bush; Thank you, USA" in response to the 2003 fall of Baghdad. The footage was actually produced by the State Department, one of 20 Federal agencies that have produced and

Colonialism in Ukraine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Colonialism in Ukraine - Essay Example As the study outlines that the Ukrainan Hetman BohdanKhmelnytsky signed a treaty with Muscovy which had the effect of causing Ukraine to lose its independence and engage in a colonial unification with Russia that was to eventually last for over 300 years. According to the Soviet propaganda that was spread after the signing of this treaty, the PereyaslavskaRada essentially crowned the constant strife by the Ukrainian people that wished to eventually be together with the Russian people. In the same vein, the Ukrainian Hetman Khmelnytsky was regarded by the propaganda as being the treaty’s principle architect and was as such as the champion and hero of the unbreakable union. However, despite the rosy acclaim that the PereyaslavskaRada and Khmelnytsky received from the Soviet propaganda, Khmelnytsky was regarded by some as having been a traitor to Ukraine’s national interests while others still regarded him as being a victim of the devious policies that were being enforced by Russia. From this study it is clear that Russia’s colonies such as Ukraine did not generally take the form of the colonies obtained by other countries as the United Kingdom. As opposed to the coloniesoftoehrcountries, Russia’s colonies were not overseas possessions that were populated by people with different cultures and different skin colors. When Russia colonized Ukraine, its treatment of Ukraine is seen to have been rather paradigmatic for how it treated all its colonies that it usually referred to as its near-abroads. When Ukraine was colonized by Russia, it was officially not recognized as having a separate nationality, instead, Russia moved to ban the usage of the Ukrainian language and stopped Ukrainian children from being taught the language in school. In addition to tis the Ukrainian churches were all force to comply with the orthodox Russian religious norms or go underground.

Book Summary Essay Example for Free

Book Summary Essay The book I chose to read was â€Å"When I Say No, I Feel Guilty† by Manuel J. Smith. The first thing to stand out to me in this book was it seemed a little outdated. Even though the writing style and the examples appeared to be from a different era, I was still able to see how different points were relevant today and to me personally. This title screamed my name when I was browsing the list of choices because no matter what I am saying no to, I always feel guilty. From the first moment that we can feel and translate emotions, we have been manipulated by others. We have grown up under the sense that we should feel certain ways about particular actions. We forget to a chore when we are young, we should feel guilty. We bring a bad grade home on out report card, we should be scared of getting in trouble. Many activities are labeled either good or bad and we should portray emotions to match. As a manager, you should try to keep commands or statements neutral. A neutral statement is one that doesn’t assign the label of good or bad to a behavior so the recipient will not feel manipulated. Everyday, people try to manipulate you into doing what they want by making you feel nervous, uninformed, or blameworthy. If you let them push you around you will feel frustrated, angry or depressed. When you permit others to control your actions, you renounce your sense of personal responsibility. Smith states that the first step in fixing the situation is to know that â€Å"no one can manipulate your emotions or behavior if you don’t allow it to happen. † Also, following the Bill of Assertive Rights will help lead to non-manipulative relationships in all situations. The rights are the basis for all healthy relationships and are listed as: You have the right to judge your own behavior, thoughts and emotions, and to take the responsibility for their initiation and consequences upon yourself. You have the right to offer no reasons or excuses for justifying your behavior. You have the right to judge if you are responsible for finding solutions to other people’s problems. You have the right to change your mind. You have the right to make mistakes and be responsible for them. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t know†. You have the right to be independent of the goodwill of others before coping with them. You have the right to be illogical in making decisions. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t understand†. You have the right to say, â€Å"I don’t care†. The first right is the foundation of all of the remaining rights. When you become your own judge, you help to build a barrier against manipulation. Judgements should be based on your values and not external systems of what is right or wrong. People base their manipulative actions on the belief that you should live up to their rules. If you are accepting of this situation, you open yourself up to a limitless variety of manipulation. Criticism is a common tool people use to get someone to behave according to their standards. Reactions to criticism can be negative with anxiety, denial, and defensiveness. Learning to take criticism in a constructive manner helps to avoid manipulation. Verbal coping methods to help accept criticism effectively are fogging, negative assertion, and negative inquiry. Fogging is when you only agree to the truths in a statement and respond to what someone has specifically stated rather than what is implied. A negative assertion is statement that takes responsibility for something you have done wrong. It takes courage to make a negative assertion and say, I’m sorry. Last, using negative inquiry encourages the critic to reply assertively instead of manipulatively. This tactic is typically used to ask for additional information about a critique. There are also different types of relationships that fall into three categories, commercial, authority, and equality. Basic verbal skills used to minimize manipulation do not change as problems are handled throughout these different relationships. Commercial relationships are clearly defined with a contract. Since this type of relationship follows a defined structure an assertive verbal skill works most effectively. In an authority relationship there is one person in charge while the other is not. Authority based relationships emphasize finding compromises that grow on existing interpersonal dynamic. Both parties are equal in an equality relationship. This relationship is the most informal and tends to have everything open for discussion. Thoughtful open communication reassures people that you will not hinder their decision making, even if you may disagree. The main concept I took away from this book is, it’s my life and what happens in it is completely up to me! I will not cower when I face manipulation. My reactions to particular situations can pave the way for a disaster or a triumph. We must always be in touch with reality to promote our own well-being and happiness. We also have to accept the possibility that changing our mind is completely normal and healthy. Keeping the Assertive Bill of Rights in mind will help to stand up against manipulation and keep our dignity, self-respect, and control over our own behavior.

Social Work Environment :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I live in Hamilton County of Cincinnati, Ohio. I am originally from Toledo, Ohio, but decided to attend the University of Cincinnati (UC). There are currently more than 500 degree programs available at UC. UC runs year round quarters; there are three ten week quarters (September until June), and one ten week summer quarter (June until September). The student to faculty ratio is 19:1, based on a full-time equivalent. As of fall, there were 33,342 total students; 26,054 undergraduates and 7,288 graduate and professional students. There were 3,904 African American students and 1,556 international students. I live in a residence hall (aka  ¡Ã‚ °dorm ¡Ã‚ ±). I live on the seventh floor of Calhoun Residence Hall. It is located on 240 Calhoun St. directly across from all the fast food franchises, significantly Arby ¡Ã‚ ¯s. There are four other normal dormitories: Siddall, Daniels, Dabney, and Sawyer. There are two residence halls that are especially for graduate students, and international students. Calhoun is located directly across from Siddall. The other six residence halls are located on the other side of West campus mainly located on Jefferson Avenue. There is a new residence hall consisting of six different buildings being built for next year. It will be called Jefferson hall and only upper classmen will be permitted to live in it. It will be suite-style, meaning there will be a full bathroom and living area within each room. Calhoun is thirteen floors; one floor is a study lounge, and the remaining twelve are resident floors. Since Calhoun is co-ed by floor this year, there ar e eight floors of men and four floors of women. I live on the seventh floor and I share my room with one other woman. In my room, there are two beds (which are bunked), a refrigerator, two closets, two dressers, and two desks. On each floor, there is a small kitchen area. In the kitchen, there is a stove/oven, sink, drinking fountain, small table, and a microwave. There is a bathroom on each floor in which only the sex of that certain floor are permitted inside. In each bathroom, there are four toilet stalls, ten shower stalls (which are individual), and eight sinks. In addition, on each floor of Calhoun, there is one single room. In this room lives only one individual, however, the cost of that room is $300 more per year than the cost of the double rooms.

Ban the School Uniform!

School Uniform. Who actually likes school uniform? Nobody. Nobody in their right mind wants to wear exactly the same clothes that hundreds of people are wearing at the same time, in the same place. Why do people wear school uniform? Because they have to. There is no law saying people have to wear school uniform, so who says you have to? Governors, head-teachers, your parents? They all say â€Å"wear your school uniform† And why? Because they were told to wear uniforms when they were at school. It's not because they like school uniform, or that they think it makes you look smart like they always tell you- it's because they want revenge. That's all. They just want to get their own back on their governors, their head-teachers, their parents. They just can't get over the way they were treated at school, the fact that they were made to wear school uniform. On average 90% of Britain's school children are FORCED to wear a school uniform. 90%. And this number is always increasing. Think how many people that is. Hundreds, thousands, millions of kids walking about dressed exactly the same, like identical robots. Also think how much time is wasted on the uniform. Going out and buying it. Time wasted by you getting dressed into the uniform with a thousand layers-the kind of layers that keeps you roasting in summer and does bugger all in the winter-, time wasted by parents washing the uniform and ironing it continuously. Don't forget the uniform has to be worn 5 days a week, so it's not just a case of wash it Saturday, iron it for Monday†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦it's more like wash it Tuesday, iron it Tuesday, wash it again Thursday, iron it Thursday and then wash it for Monday again on Saturday. It's a never ending cycle. Not only that, teacher's time is being wasted by having to CHECK that you wearing the goddamn thing. â€Å"Why haven't you got your tie on?† – The tie you can't even see â€Å"Why have you got your trainers on?† – What difference does it make what shoes you wear? Expensive time is being wasted on this pointless matter: time which could cost your child those marks to get a better exam level. Uniform are restrictive, and in a recent survey 99% of people feel uncomfortable in their uniform. This causes them to fidget and lose their concentration. Concentration which is already at a low level. Nothing bad can come out of banning school uniform. Nothing. People will argue that too much pressure will be put on parents to buy designer clothes for their children, but I disagree. Clothes that people own now would be worn and there was no pressure on buying these so there should be no pressure to buy new clothes. Pressure is already on parents to buy the school uniform so this is a pointless point. We have to ban the school uniform for people's individuality. If we don't people will dress exactly the same all their lives, until we become one world of uniform wearing, identical robots. It's been said that somewhere in the world there is someone who looks EXACTLY like you. Imagine if there were a billion people look exactly like you? So people, join me in saying â€Å"Ban the uniform, ban it now before it is too late!† In my speech I used: * Clusters of 3 * Repetition * Use of statistics * Addressing the reader * Repetition of powerful phrases * Point of the disadvantages of not agreeing * Rhetorical questions * Alliteration * Short, sharp sentences * Ending with the main slogan

The Scarlet Letter Discussion Questions - 1333 Words

Sarah Miller Nelson AP Lang 9/23/15 The Scarlet Letter Discussion Questions: â€Å"Custom House† and Chapters 1-10 Nathaniel Hawthorne Background: Life and Times: Family: - Hawthorne’s father was born in Salem in 1775. - Hawthorne was haunted and intruiged by his paternal ancestors (the Hathornes) and mentioned them in his fiction works. These ancestors included a Quaker persecutor and a stern interrogator of accused witches. - Hawthorne’s mother was born in 1780, about a hundred years after her ancestors arrived in the New World. - His mother’s family (the Mannings) were blacksmiths and iron workers and also appeared in Hawthorne’s fiction. - After two of his works were published in 1830 under the name of Hathorne, he added the â€Å"w†. - Hawthorne married Sophia Peabody from Salem in 1842 and they had three children. They were wealthy and lived in Salem, Concord, and abroad. Biographical Information: - Hawthorne was born on July 4, 1804 in Salem, MA. - Although he lived in Boston and Maine as well, most of his life was spent in Salem. - In 1846 Hawthorne took the position of Surveyor of the Port at the Salem Custom House. After a change in political administration in 1849, he lost his job. - After his lost of his job and his mother, Hawthorne moved away from Salem and lived in various places. - In 1853 Hawthorne’s friend President Franklin Pierce got him the position of Consul in Liverpool, England. - Hawthorne died in 1864. Literary Career: - In Hawthorne’s youth, he wrote aShow MoreRelated Symbols and Symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1178 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism   in The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne isnt noted for perfecting any famous literary style, for writing multiple best sellers, or even for contributing largely to classic American literature.   His only real claim to fame is The Scarlet Letter: a novel that was originally only meant to be yet another Hawthorne short story.   Because of this, it actually possesses many short story characteristics.   It is simpler and more complete than his other novels. (James 285)   It also hasRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Roger Chillingworth895 Words   |  4 PagesRoger Chillingworth: Retribution to Death According to an old Klingon proverb, â€Å"Revenge is a dish best served cold,† which Roger Chillingworth, the evil antagonist in The Scarlet Letter knows how to serve well. As readers, we rarely slow down and really scrutinize the works of novels. Consequently, we do not truly realize and acknowledge the development and transition of the characters’ feelings, thoughts, and states of mind. Through Roger Chillingworth, Nathaniel Hawthorne demonstrates that tryingRead MoreHester Prynne Character Analysis1187 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlet Letter is a novel based on a young lady named Hester Prynne who commits adultery during the 1700s, and she secretly borns a baby girl named pearl which is in her care. Both of them live in the colony for the future as the other adulterer named Arthur Dimmesdale suffers by his secrecy and Chillingworth, his caretaker who is always near him. In The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Hester Prynne experiences many obstacles in Massac husetts to repent her sins that she caused. Every storyRead MoreAre Women Destructive Forces?1674 Words   |  7 Pagesadversities in life had given her, but through the degree of her refusal to permit those adversities to direct her and decide who she ends up to be. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The Scarlet Letter in the early 1800’s about a disgraced woman who emerged from the shadows to alter the precise definition of the disgraceful letter â€Å"A† on her chest. Later, John Steinbeck composed Of Mice and Men in the 1930’s that depicted Curleys spouse as determined but also immensely egotistic, ultimately prompting hisRead MoreQuestions On Reading And Writing1203 Words   |  5 Pagestreat myself to a Popsicle when I finished each chapter. One day, in a class discussion around chapter seven something struck me: I was enjoying the discussion so thoroughly and yet I was bored to tears while reading the same exact material the night before. I pondered why that would be. My only explanation was that my teacher had brought it to life for me. She had forced me to read between the lines and to ask questions about the passage. That was the first real experience of mine that had an impactfulRead More New Historicism, Feminist Crit icism and Deconstruction in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter3014 Words   |  13 PagesPerspectives on New Historicism, Feminist Criticism and Deconstruction in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Introduction Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter has been a highly debatable topic of numerous critical essays, written by scholars who approach the novel from various perspectives of literary criticism. Due to the diversity of perspectives, the questions proposed by these scholars vary and hence the conclusions they arrive at by examining the same literary text mayRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Violent Bear It Away1586 Words   |  7 Pagestown. Following Tarwater’s escape from his prison, Old Man Tarwater’s house, Tarwater finally confronts the harsh 5truth about his fate as a prophet and his family. In both cases, there is uncertainty regarding the outcomes of their lives. In The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and The Violent Bear It Away, by Flannery O’Connor, in an attempt to assert control over the long-term outcomes, both Hester and Tarwater leave their prisons with an outward exhibition of confidence and a need to controlRead MoreThe True Nature Of Love1338 Words   |  6 Pagesa woman s heart before he takes her hand in marriage as her situation with Chillingworth is proof of the repercussions of a loveless marriage. Are humans born innately good, evil or both? â€Å"As he spoke, he laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which fort with seemed to scorch into Hester’s breast, as if it had been red-hot. He noticed her involuntary gesture, and smiled. â€Å"Live, therefore, and bear about thy doom with thee, in the eyes of men and women—in the eyes of him thou didstRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1928 Words   |  8 Pageshow society should affect people in The Scarlet Letter. This book is about a woman named Hester Prynne, who is condemned to wearing a scarlet letter A by the Puritan society, in which she lives. The symbol explored is Hawthorne’s use of nature. Nature is found everywhere, no matter where a person looks. It can be a display of beauty or a display of ugliness. It also contains many elements, such as leaves, stems, and roots. Nature is used in The Scarlet Letter to represent the characters of the novel

Affirmative Action Is The Largest Leap For Equality Essay

The fight to obtain equal opportunity in the workplace and in schools has been a long one that was highlighted best when President Lyndon B. Johnson expressed You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say you are free to compete with all the others, and still just believe that you have been completely fair. This statement supports the legislation on Affirmative Action which has changed the way employers hire their employees. Despite efforts being made to end discrimination in the workplace, there was still a need to level the inequality in both the public and private sector. Therefore, affirmative action was the largest leap for equality with the least amount of negative effects in the workplace. Any person that is not a Caucasian male is considered a minority in the workplace. Based on their history of being discriminated against for being a different color or being a woman, minorities were and have not been presented with the same opportunities as their white counterparts. Jim Crow laws played a significant role in these discriminatory practices. For example, â€Å"Before 1900 whites and African Americans frequently worked side by side in trade as well as in unskilled positions. During this time the South was becoming more industrialized, however, and factory owners were complicit in extending Jim Crow into the workplace.† Some may say that most of this job discriminationShow MoreRelatedModern Democracy Essay2092 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom Political Man in his article Democracy and Deep Divides. By this definition, democracy is a political system which supplies regular constitutional opportunities for changing the governing officials, and a social mechanism which permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among contenders for political office. (Glazer 14) In Communism: A Retrospective in Comparative Analysis, Andrew C. Janos describes a definitional competition among scholarsRead MoreThe President Of The United States2405 Words   |  10 PagesThe first inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States took place on Tuesday, January 20, 2009. Like so many Americans I was incredibly excited to see our country taking such a giant leap forward in our attitudes about Race and equality. It didn’t take long to realize that my hopes were going to be dashed and our country was going to in fact experience a â€Å"rebirth of racism† that defies imagination. January 20th, 2009 brought a day of frigid temperatures in Washington, DRead MoreEquality Diversity Unit 1 NCF27061 Words   |  29 PagesNCFE LEVEL 2 CERTIFICATE IN EQUALITY DIVERSITY Unit 1: Equality and diversity in society Learning Outcomes 1. Understand what equality is 1.1: Describe what is meant by ‘equality’ 1.2: Define the following terms: Stereotyping Prejudice Labelling Protected characteristics Equal opportunity Positive action Discrimination Discrimination by association 1.3: Describe examples of equal opportunity in society 1.4: Describe examples of inequality within society 2. Understand what diversity is 2.1: DescribeRead MoreWomen Employment in India7222 Words   |  29 Pagesdifferentials may be due to a variety of factors, including crowding of women in low paying industries and differences in skills and work experience, but may also be the result of discrimination. Given the constraints women are facing, promoting gender equality and empowering women is not only an important goal of the Millennium Declaration in itself, it is also pivotal to achieving the new target on full and productive employment and decent work for all, and virtually all remaining goals and targets.Read MoreWomen Empowerment12463 Words   |  50 PagesEMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN (2001) | | |Introduction | |The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental | |Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to | |women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. | |Within the framework of a democratic polity, ourRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pageshas forced many changes throughout organizations of all types. OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS Projections of the growth and decline in jobs illustrates the economic and employment shifts currently occurring. Figure 1—1 indicates the occupations with the largest percentage growth anticipated between 1996 and 2006. It is interesting to note that in Figure 1—1 most of the fastest-growing occupations percentagewise are related to information technology or health care. The increase in the technology jobs is dueRead MoreManagement and Study Unit41787 Words   |  168 Pageshired to help companies reduce spend. Today, many companies have their own refined and documented in-house strategic sourcing processes. Change 4 - supplier roles expanded. In 1998, there was talk about partnering with suppliers. Today, there is action. Top purchasing departments actively develop their suppliers and look to the supply base for ideas, better performance and innovation. Change 3 - global sourcing went mainstream. Ten years ago, only the progressive companies were searching abroadRead MoreManagement and Study Unit41775 Words   |  168 Pageshired to help companies reduce spend. Today, many companies have their own refined and documented in-house strategic sourcing processes. Change 4 - supplier roles expanded. In 1998, there was talk about partnering with suppliers. Today, there is action. Top purchasing departments actively develop their suppliers and look to the supply base for ideas, better performance and innovation. Change 3 - global sourcing went mainstream. Ten years ago, only the progressive companies were searching abroadRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesthat the company would have to attract quality employees with desirable achievement opportunities instead of job security policies.19 Welch, who was widely regarded as one of the most visionary and effective CEOs, was strongly criticized for his actions as indicated in the following passage: Welch says that whe n he took over, the need for change was obvious, and he moved quickly. He was vilified as heartless in his zeal to reshape the corporation by eliminating jobs, earning himself the nicknameRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe three years preceding World War I than had come to the entire Spanish Empire during three centuries of colonial rule. And in Asia, the nearly 2 million Chinese who arrived in Singapore from 1925 to 1930 (when it was the largest immigrant port in the world—and second largest after New York over the entire period from 1840 to 1940) equaled or exceeded the total number of Chinese who migrated to mainland Southeast Asia over the entire three centuries before 1820. While many of the most dramatic